The prize was awarded to:

SANGER, FREDERICK, Great Britain, Cambridge University, b. 1918:

"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin".

The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to:

BEADLE, GEORGE WELLS, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, b. 1903, d. 1989; and

TATUM, EDWARD LAWRIE, U.S.A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY, b. 1909, d. 1975:

"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events";

and the other half to:

LEDERBERG, JOSHUA, U.S.A., Wisconsin University, Madison, WI, b. 1925:

"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria".

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SEVERO OCHOA, U.S.A., New York University, New York;

and

ARTHUR KORNBERG, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA;

"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid."

The prize was divided equally between:

PERUTZ, MAX FERDINAND, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, b. 1914 ( in Vienna, Austria);

and

KENDREW, Sir JOHN COWDERY, Great Britain, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, b. 1917:

"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins".

was awarded jointly to

FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK, Great Britain, Institute of Molecular Biology, Cambridge;

JAMES DEWEY WATSON, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA;

and

MAURICE HUGH FREDERICK WILKINS, Great Britain, University of London

"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material."

The prize was awarded to:

HODGKIN, DOROTHY CROWFOOT, Great Britain, Royal Society, Oxford University, Oxford, b. 1910, d. 1994:

"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".

The prize was awarded jointly to:

FRANÇOIS JACOB, France, Institut Pasteur, Paris;

ANDRÉ LWOFF, France, Institut Pasteur, Paris;

and

JACQUES MONOD, France, Institut Pasteur, Paris;

"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis."

The prize was awarded jointly to:

HOLLEY, ROBERT W., U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, b. 1922, d. 1993 ;

KHORANA, HAR GOBIND, U.S.A., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, b. 1922 (in Raipur, India);

and

NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W., U.S.A., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, b. 1927:

"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis".

The prize was awarded jointly to:

DELBRÜCK, MAX, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1906, (in Berlin, Germany), d. 1981;

HERSHEY, ALFRED D., U.S.A., Carnegie Institution of Washington, Long Island, New York, NY, b. 1908;

and

LURIA, SALVADOR E., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, b. 1912, (in Torino, Italy), d. 1991:

"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".

The prize was awarded jointly to:

BALTIMORE, DAVID, U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, b. 1938;

DULBECCO, RENATO, U.S.A., Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratory, London, b. 1914 (in Catanzaro, Italy);

and

TEMIN, HOWARD MARTIN, U.S.A., University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, b. 1934, U 1994:

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell".

The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

ANFINSEN, CHRISTIAN B., U.S.A., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, b. 1916, d. 1995:

"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation";

and the other half jointly to:

MOORE, STANFORD, U.S.A., Rockefeller University, New York, NY, b. 1913, + 1982; and

STEIN, WILLIAM H., U.S.A., Rockefeller University, New York, NY, b. 1911, + 1980:

"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule".

The prize was awarded jointly to:

ARBER, WERNER, Switzerland, Biozentrum der UniversitŠt, Basel, b. 1929;

NATHANS, DANIEL, U.S.A., Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, b. 1928;

and

SMITH, HAMILTON O., U.S.A., Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, b. 1931:

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics".

The prize was divided, one half being awarded to:

BERG, PAUL, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, b. 1926:

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA";

and the other half jointly to:

GILBERT, WALTER, U.S.A., Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, b. 1932;

and

SANGER, FREDERICK, U.S.A., Great Britain, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, b. 1918:

"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids".

KLUG, Sir AARON, Great Britain, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, b. 1926 (in Lithuania):

"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes".

McCLINTOCK, BARBARA, U.S.A., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, b. 1902, d. 1992:

"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".

The prize was awarded jointly to:

J. MICHAEL BISHOP, U.S.A., University of California, San Francisco, CA

and

HAROLD E. VARMUS, U.S.A., University of California, San Francisco, CA

"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIDNEY ALTMAN, U.S.A. and Canada, Yale University, New Haven, CT

and

THOMAS R. CECH, U.S.A., University of Colorado, CO

"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA."

The prize was awarded "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry",

by one half to:

MULLIS, KARY B., U.S.A., La Jolla, CA, b. 1944:

"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method",

and by the other half to:

SMITH, MICHAEL, Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, b. 1932 (in Blackpool, England):

"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies."

The prize was awarded jointly to:

RICHARD J. ROBERTS, England, New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, b. 1943

and

PHILLIP A. SHARP, U.S.A., Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, b. 1944

"for their discoveries of split genes."

The prize was awarded "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules"

by one half jointly to:

JOHN B. FENN, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA, b. 1917

and

KOICIHI TANAKA, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan, b. 1959

"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules,"

and by the other half to:

KURT WÜTHRICH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA, b. 1938

"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution."

ROGER D. KORNBERG, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, b. 1947

"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription."

ANDREW Z. FIRE, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

and

"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA."

OSAMU SHIMOMURA, Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole, MA, USA and Boston University Medical School, MA, USA

MARTIN CHALFIE, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

and

"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP."

VENKATRAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom

THOMAS A. STEITZ, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

and

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome."

TOMAS LINDAHL, Francis Crick Institute and Clare Hall Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK

PAUL MODRICH, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

and

AZIZ SANCAR, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair."