ࡱ> QSP#` bjbjmm :3$$$$$$$D )))d*x*\ +?**"+++:,:,:,>>>>>>>$!@hB>$:,:,:,:,:,>$$++4>222:,2$+$+>2:,>22,4< $$>+* +a)l.>h>>>0+?~>!C02!C>!C$>$:,:,2:,:,:,:,:,>>2:,:,:,+?:,:,:,:, ) )hT@$$$$$$ Distribution of Powers in Colonial Governments Governor Exercises the executive power but others as well Governor appointed by King in most colonies: seen as his representative Executive Enforces the law Appoints executive officials Commander in chief Legislative power Absolute veto Can prorogue or dissolve the legislature Must approve legislative officers, such as speaker Judicial power Created courts (although eventually legislature approved this) Appointed judges (could remove and served at his pleasure) Served as chancery courts and as a court of appeals with the council Council Appointed by the King mainly Executive power advised the Governor Legislative power upper house of the legislature Judicial power court of appeal with the governor Assembly Legislative power at least one branch of it Analogized itself to commons, but in some ways had more power Grew in power issue by issue Legislative privileges: sitting separately, electing a speaker, initiating legislation, freedom of speech, immunities from arrest. Assemblies exercised the power to raise taxes and to control appropriations. They refused to permit council to amend money bills. Refused to pass money bills without having their demands met. Controlled government by putting specific conditions in money bill, including controlling appointments. Members elected from large elite of merchants, lawyers, and planters. Courts Largely controlled by governor Events Leading to the American Revolution The Proclamation of 1763 The Sugar Act of 1763 The Stamp Act of 1765 The Stamp Act Congress of 1765. Repeal of Stamp Act 1766 Declaratory Act 1766 The Quartering Act of 1765 The Restraining Act of 1767 Townsend Act of 1767 Repeal of Townsend Taxes (except for tea) 1769 The Tea Act of 1773 Intolerable Acts: The Boston Port Act of 1774: The Mass. Court Act of 1774 The Admin. of Justice Act of 1774 The Quartering Act of 1774 The Quebec Act of 1774 First Continental Congress -- 1774 Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress in October 1974: Second Continental Congress -- May 1775 after Lexington and Concord. Raises an army and appoints Washington to command it Issues in 1775 Jefferson and Dickinsons a Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. Proclamation of Rebellion in August, 1775. The Prohibitory Act Common Sense Jan 1776 Congress calls on colonies to create regular state governments -- May 1776. Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 Dates of State Constitutions 1776 De Md NH NJ NC Pa SC Va 1777 Ga NY 1778 SC 1780 Mass 1784 NH Drafting and Ratification of the Constitution 1783 Sept. 3 War for Independence ends 1786 Aug. 31 Shays Rebellion begins Setp. 11-14 Annapolis Convention 1787 Feb. Shays Rebellion ends 1787 Feb.-June Delegates named to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Rhode Island refuses to attend May 25 Constitutional Convention opens May 29 Virginia Plan proposed June 15 New Jersy Plan proposed July 16 Connecticult compromise agreed to Sept. 17 Constitution approved by all twelve states in attendance Sept. 28 Congress submits Constitution to states to be considered at ratifying conventions Oct 27 First Federalist Paper appears Dec. 7 Delaware ratifies unanimously Dec. 12 Pennsylvania ratifies 46-23 Dec. 18 New Jersey ratifies unanimously 1788 Jan. 2 Georgia ratifies unanimously Jan. 9 Connecticut ratifies 128-40 Feb. 7 Masschusetts ratifies 187-168 Mar. 24 Rhode Island votes Constitution down in referendum 237 - 2,708 April 28 Maryland ratifies 63-11 May 23 South Carolina ratifies 149-73 June 21 New Hampshire ratifies 57-47 (The Ninth State) June 25 Virginia ratifies 89-79 July 26 New York ratifies 30-27 Aug. North Carolina refuses to ratify (large loss) 1789 Jan. 7 First presidential election held Mar. 4 First Congress convenes Nov. 21 North Carolina ratifies 197-77 1790 May 29 Rhode Island ratifies 34-32 1791 Dec. 15 Bill of Rights becomes part of Constitution The First Political Parties: Federalists and Republicans Characteristics of Federalists: Hamilton, Adams, Washington Elitist Mercantilist/Commercial Nationalist Broad construction Executive power (and judicial power) British Characteristics of Republicans: Jefferson, Madison Independent and virtuous citizens Agrarian States rights Narrow construction Legislative Power French Federalist 50 on Parties: Every page of their proceedings witnesses the effect of all these circumstances on the temper of their deliberations. Throughout the continuance of the council, it was split into two fixed and violent parties. The fact is acknowledged and lamented by themselves. Had this not been the case, the face of their proceedings exhibits a proof equally satisfactory. In all questions, however unimportant in themselves, or unconnected with each other, the same names stand invariably contrasted on the opposite columns. Every unbiased observer may infer, without danger of mistake, and at the same time without meaning to reflect on either party, or any individuals of either party, that, unfortunately, PASSION, not REASON, must have presided over their decisions. When men exercise their reason coolly and freely on a variety of distinct questions, they inevitably fall into different opinions on some of them. When they are governed by a common passion, their opinions, if they are so to be called, will be the same.     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